HIV/AIDS

Written by the doctors and editors at UpToDate  

What is HIV? — HIV is the name of a virus that can affect the body’s “immune system,” which is responsible for fighting infections. When people have an untreated HIV infection, they can become sick easily. That’s because their immune system cannot work as well to fight off infections or cancer. Even so, people with HIV can take medicines to control the virus, keep their immune system strong, and stay healthy for many years. 

People can get infected with HIV if blood or body fluid (such as semen) from a person with HIV enters their body. For example, a person can get HIV if he or she: 

●Has sex without using a condom with someone who has HIV – This includes vaginal, anal, and oral sex. 

●Shares needles or syringes with someone who has HIV 

What is AIDS? — AIDS is the term doctors use to describe the last stage of HIV infection, when the immune system is at its weakest. 

What are the symptoms of HIV? — When people first get infected with HIV, they can have a fever, sore throat, headache, muscle pain, and joint pain. These symptoms usually last about 2 weeks. In many cases, these symptoms are very mild. Most people with HIV infection do not even remember having them. 

In the first few years after infection, most people with HIV infection have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. These can include: 

●Swelling of bean-shaped organs under the skin called lymph nodes, usually in the neck or armpit (this symptom can also happen in people who have HIV for a long time) 

●A rash that is usually on the face, neck and upper chest 

People who have had HIV for many years might have other problems, such as: 

●Fever, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss 

●Other infections, including: 

•Lung infections 

•Brain infections 

•Eye infections that cause trouble seeing 

•Yeast infections in the mouth that can cause soreness and raised, white patches 

Is there a test for HIV? — Yes. You can have HIV testing done in your doctor’s office or clinic using a sample of blood or sometimes saliva (spit). Results from some tests take a few days to come back. But results from rapid HIV tests can be ready within minutes.  

Most pharmacies also sell test kits that you can use at home. For one type of home test, you prick your finger, blot the blood on a test strip, and mail the strip to a lab. Then the lab calls you with the results. The test is totally private, and the results are not reported to anyone but you. A different type of home test, called “OraQuick,” works a lot like a home pregnancy test. It comes with a special test strip that you wipe along your gums. After 20 to 40 minutes the test strip can tell you if you might have HIV. If you take a home test that says you are HIV positive, see your doctor and ask for a follow-up test to make sure.  

How is HIV treated? — Doctors can prescribe different combinations of medicines to treat HIV. These medicines are called “antiretroviral medicines.” You and your doctor should work together to decide when you should start treatment and which medicines are right for you.  

Most people with HIV need to take pills at set times each day. It is important to follow all of your doctor’s instructions about treatment. This is because your HIV can get worse if you skip or stop taking your medicines. Let your doctor know if you have any side effects or problems with your medicines. 

Some people with HIV also take other types of medicines every day to prevent HIV-related infections. For example, most doctors recommend that people with a low T-cell count take an antibiotic every day to keep from getting a lung infection called PCP. 

What if I am pregnant or want to get pregnant? — If you have HIV, your baby can become infected with HIV during pregnancy, birth, or through breastfeeding. If you are pregnant or want to get pregnant, talk with your doctor about ways to reduce the chance of passing HIV to your baby. 

What can I do to prevent spreading HIV to other people? — To reduce the chance of spreading HIV to other people: 

●Get tested for HIV and start treatment as early as possible 

●Tell anyone you have sex with that you have HIV 

●Use a condom every time you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex 

●Do not share razors or toothbrushes 

●Do not share drug needles or syringes 

All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. 

This topic retrieved from UpToDate on: Jan 25, 2016. 

Topic 15448 Version 14.0 

Release: 23.7 - C24.18 

© 2016 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. 

This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. This is only a brief summary of general information. It does NOT include all information about conditions, illnesses, injuries, tests, procedures, treatments, therapies, discharge instructions or life-style choices that may apply to you. You must talk with your health care provider for complete information about your health and treatment options. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to accept your health care provider's advice, instructions or recommendations. Only your health care provider has the knowledge and training to provide advice that is right for you.The use of UpToDate content is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use. ©2016 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. 

© 2016 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved.