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Breastfeeding

Angelia Leipelt, BA, IBCLC, IBD, ICCE and Ronald G. Chambers, Jr., FAAFP, MD Reviewed 04/2024
 


BASICS

  • Breast/chest feeding is the natural process of feeding human milk directly from the breast.

  • Breast milk is the preferred nutritional source and the normal and physiologic way to feed all newborn...

DIAGNOSIS

PHYSICAL EXAM

Breast/chest examination during pregnancy, assess for scars, lumps, or flat/inverted nipples. Confirm history of infertility, endocrine disorders, breast and hormonal pathology,...

TREATMENT

GENERAL MEASURES

Breast/chest feeding initiation 
  • Initiate breast/chest feeding immediately after birth, ideally placing the infant naked on birth parent's chest uninterrupted skin-to-skin in ...

ONGOING CARE

FOLLOW-UP RECOMMENDATIONS

See mother and baby within a 3–5 days of hospital discharge, especially if first time breastfeeding. 
  • Risk factors for suboptimal initiation

    • Breast surgery or reduc...

REFERENCES

1
Johnston M, Landers S, Noble L, et al. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. Revised 2022;129(3): e827– e841. 22371471. 
2
Westerfield KL, Koenig K, Oh R. Breastfeeding: commo...

ADDITIONAL READING

  • American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.  Breastfeeding Handbook for Physicians. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: Amer...

CODES

ICD10

Z39.1 Encounter for care and examination of lactating mother 

SNOMED

69840006 normal breast feeding (finding) 

CLINICAL PEARLS

  • Support systems improve duration of breastfeeding.

  • Almost all can breastfeed with accurate information, support from family, the health care system, and society at large.

  • Breast milk is ...

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