The 2023 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) defines COPD as follows:
COPD is a heterogenous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dy...
A post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC)ratio of less than 0.7, which confirms the presence o...
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) severity assessment based on symptom burden and risk of exacerbation in conjunction with:
COPD Assessment Test (C...
May taper or stop oral steroids as outpatient
Pulmonary rehabilitation program for patients with high symptom burden and risk of exacerbations
J44.9 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified
J43.9 Emphysema, unspecified
J42 Unspecified chronic bronchitis
E84.0 Cystic fibrosis with pulmonary manifestations
J47.9 Bronchiectasis...
Smoking cessation remains the most important intervention to prevent disease or delay disease progression.
Consider screening PFTs on any high-risk patient.
Home oxygen evaluation is imp...
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Bronchial wall shows increased numbers of bronchial glands characteristic of chronic bronchitis.
Chronic bronchitis shows bronchial surface epithelium with goblet cell metaplasia.
<bold>FIG. 97.1.</bold> Lateral view of a distal digit with clubbing, demonstrating loss of the normal 15 degree angle at the nail-nail bed junction and hyperextensibility of the distal interphalangeal joint.
<bold>FIG. 97.1.</bold> Lateral view of a distal digit with clubbing, demonstrating loss of the normal 15 degree angle at the ...
<bold>Fig C 1-24 Pulmonary edema in pulmonary emphysema.</bold> (A) Initial chest radiograph demonstrates a paucity of vascular markings in the right middle and upper zones along with increased interstitial markings elsewhere. (B) With the onset of congestive heart failure, there is patchy interstitial and alveolar edema that does not affect the segments in which the vascularity had been severely diminished.
<bold>Fig C 1-24 Pulmonary edema in pulmonary emphysema.</bold> (A) Initial chest radiograph demonstrates a paucity of vascula...
<bold>Fig C 4-13 Chronic bronchitis.</bold> Coned view of the right lower lung demonstrates a coarse increase in interstitial markings. The arrows point to the characteristic parallel line shadows ("tramlines") outside the boundary of the pulmonary hilum.
<bold>Fig C 4-13 Chronic bronchitis.</bold> Coned view of the right lower lung demonstrates a coarse increase in interstitial ...
<bold><italic>Figure 14.3.</bold></bold> Classic clubbing. Note the "lollipop" configuration of the tips.
PA chest x-ray showing lung hyperinflation in a patient with COPD
Lateral chest x-ray showing increased A-P diameter in a patient with COPD
varieties of digital clubbing: (A) normal, (B) increased curvaure of nail, (C) mild clubbing, (D) parrot's beak type, (E) atch glass type, (F) noraml, (G) drumstick type
varieties of digital clubbing: (A) normal, (B) increased curvaure of nail, (C) mild clubbing, (D) parrot's beak type, (E) atch glass type...
Panacinar emphysema. This lung, from a patient with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, shows large, irregular air spaces and a markedly reduced number of alveolar walls.
Panacinar emphysema. This lung, from a patient with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, shows large, irregular air spaces and a markedly reduc...
Destruction by emphysema leaves enlarged spaces with "floating" parenchymal fragments.
FIGURE 1.20. High-resolution computed tomography scan shows widespread centrilobular emphysema. The small holes within the lung are distinguished from cysts by the lack of a visible wall. The larger subpleural areas of low attenuation represent areas of distal acinar emphysema.
FIGURE 1.20. High-resolution computed tomography scan shows widespread centrilobular emphysema. The small holes within the lung are disting...
CT scan showing pneumothorax in patient with COPD