Hyponatremia is a plasma sodium (Na+) concentration of ≤135 mEq/L.
Hyponatremia itself does not provide information about the total body water (TBW) state of the patient. Patients wit...
Symptoms are related to the rate of fall in serum Na+, onset, and degree of hyponatremia (1)[C]], (3)[C].
Acute (≤48 hours): no time for full adaptation, more likely to present with moderate...
Assess all medications patient is taking.
Institute seizure precautions.
Institute fluid restriction for hypervolemic patients.
Fluid resuscitation in hypovolemic patients. Indi...
Euvolemic hyponatremia: Restrict water to 1-1.5 L/day.
Hypervolemic hyponatremia: water and Na+ restriction
In hospitalized patients, hyponatremia is associated with an elevate...
E87.1 Hypo-osmolality and hyponatremia
237844003 Drug-induced hyponatremia
237842004 Hyponatremia with decreased serum osmolality
267447008 Hypo-osmolality and or hyponatremia
74185008 Hy...
Assess all medications patient is taking because many are associated with hyponatremia.
Alcohol-dependent individuals with vitamin deficiencies, elderly women taking thiazide diuretics,...
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FIGURE 13-4 Effect of extracellular sodium level on cell size.
<bold>FIGURE 33-8</bold> The effect of isotonic fluid volume excess and deficit and of hyponatremia and hypernatremiaon movement of water between the extracellular and intracellular fluid compartment.
<bold>FIGURE 33-8</bold> The effect of isotonic fluid volume excess and deficit and of hyponatremia and hypernatremiaon moveme...
<bold>FIGURE 6-8</bold> Effect of isotonic fluid volume deficit and excess and of hyponatremia and hypernatremia on extracellular (ECF) and intracellular fluid volume.
<bold>FIGURE 6-8</bold> Effect of isotonic fluid volume deficit and excess and of hyponatremia and hypernatremia on extracellu...