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<bold>Figure 12.4</bold> Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. End-diastolic <bold>(A)</bold> and end-systolic <bold>(B)</bold> frames from a left ventriculogram performed in the 30° RAO projection in a patient with normal coronaries and presumptive AIDS cardiomyopathy, showing enlarged end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, reduced ejection fraction of 38%, and 2+ mitral regurgitation. Note dye to the enlarged left atrial volume; the contrast density method underestimated the severity of regurgitation, shown...
<bold>Figure 12.4</bold> Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. End-diastolic <bold>(A)</bold> and end-systolic <b...
<bold><italic>FIGURE 11.56.</bold></bold> Parasternal long-axis view recorded in a patient with a dilated cardiomyopathy and apical displacement of the papillary muscles, leading to functional mitral regurgitation. Note the dilation of the left ventricle (<italic>LV</bold>) and left atrium (<italic>LA</bold>). This frame was recorded in mid-systole. Because of the displacement of the papillary muscles, the mitral leaflets are tethered apically and cannot coapt along a normal zone. The mitral valve is attempting to coap...
<bold><italic>FIGURE 11.56.</bold></bold> Parasternal long-axis view recorded in a patient with a dilated cardiom...