Heart failure (HF) is the pathophysiologic state in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body.
HF can manifest without cardiac dysfu...
Assessment of degree of illness
If perfusion is compro...
Treatment of underlying cause
Surgical palliation or correction of CHD
Interventional cardiac catheterization (e.g., balloon dilation of aortic or pulmonary stenosis, coil embo...
For the patient with new onset HF, immediate cardiology consultation is needed.
Dependent on the etiology and degree of HF. Generally, initial follow-up of a patie...
Auerbach SR, Richmond ME, Lamour JM, et al. BNP levels predict outcome in pediatric heart failure patients: post hoc analysis of the Pediatric Carvedilol Trial. Circ Heart Fail. ...
428.0 Congestive heart failure, unspecified
779.89 Other specified conditions originating in the perinatal period
746.7 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
I50.9 Heart failure, unspecified
P29....
Q: My child has HF. Should I take salt out of his diet?
A: No. Excessive salt restriction is seldom enforceable and is not necessary. A no-added-salt diet is generally sufficient.
Q: β-blockers slow...
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FIGURE 82.1. Chest radiograph of older child with congestive heart failure. Note cardiac enlargement and evidence of pulmonary venous congestion.
FIGURE 82.1. Chest radiograph of older child with congestive heart failure. Note cardiac enlargement and evidence of pulmonary venous cong...
<bold>Fig C 2-1 Congestive heart failure.</bold> Diffuse bilateral symmetric infiltration of the central portion of the lungs along with relative sparing of the periphery produces the butterfly, or bat's wing, pattern. The margins of the edematous lung are sharply defined. The consolidation is fairly homogeneous and is associated with a well-defined air bronchogram on both sides.<sup>6</sup>
<bold>Fig C 2-1 Congestive heart failure.</bold> Diffuse bilateral symmetric infiltration of the central portion of the lungs ...
<bold><italic>FIGURE 6.64.</bold></bold> Apical four-chamber view recorded in an elderly patient with long-standing mild systemic hypertension and congestive heart failure due to predominantly diastolic dysfunction. Note the evidence of significant atrial enlargement, which is a marker of long-standing diastolic dysfunction. LA, Left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle
<bold><italic>FIGURE 6.64.</bold></bold> Apical four-chamber view recorded in an elderly patient with long-standin...
<bold>Figure 4.27. Kerley lines in patients with congestive heart failure. A,</bold> AP radiograph shows prominent interstitial markings in both bases with a fine interlacing pattern. <bold>B,</bold> detail view shows the linear horizontal Kerley B-lines in the periphery. <bold>C</bold> and <bold>D,</bold> detail views of two other patients show similar findings.
<bold>Figure 4.27. Kerley lines in patients with congestive heart failure. A,</bold> AP radiograph shows prominent interstitia...
<bold>Figure 5.33. Congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema. A.</bold> Frontal view shows mild pulmonary edema and pulmonary venous engorgement. <bold>B.</bold> Detail view shows the edema and prominent septal (Kerley) lines. <bold>C.</bold> Detail view in another patient shows the prominent horizontal Kerley lines.
<bold>Figure 5.33. Congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema. A.</bold> Frontal view shows mild pulmonary edema and pulmona...
Extra Heart Sounds During Diastole S3 (Third Heart Sound) Also called a ventricular gallop, the S3 has a low frequency and is heard best using the bell of the stethoscope at the apical area or lower right ventricular area of the chest with the patient in the left lateral position. The sound is often accentuated during inspiration and has the rhythm of the word "Ken-tuc-ky." S3 is the result of vibrations caused by the blood hitting the ventricular wall during rapid ventricular filling. The ...
Extra Heart Sounds During Diastole S3 (Third Heart Sound) Also called a ventricular gallop, the S3 has a low frequency and is heard best us...