This culture is primarily used to detect group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS, S. pyogenes) from throat swabs. This test is used, usually in children, who present with symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis. Patients typically present with moderate to severe pharyngitis along with systemic symptoms, including fever, malaise, headache, and abdominal pain. Runny nose, cough, diarrhea, and other symptoms are more suggestive of another cause, usually viral.
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A GABHS throat culture is recommended to confirm negative S. pyogenes antigen screening tests in children. Confirmatory cultures are not needed for adults with negative antigen test results if the sensitivity of the specific antigen test used is >80%.
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The importance of diagnosis of GABHS pharyngitis is for the prevention of nonsuppurative sequelae. Antibiotic treatment given during the acute phase of GABHS infection is effective in prevention of RF, glomerulonephritis, and other complications. GABHS pharyngitis may also be complicated by peritonsillar abscess or other suppurative pararespiratory infections.
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A GABHS throat culture is not recommended for test of cure after therapy for documented strep throat; cultures may demonstrate clinically insignificant low-level carriage after successful therapy.